No. A refractometer measures the spectral shift of light, using water as the prism. As the light passes through the liquid prism, the light is refracted. Measuring the shift of the light allows you to determine the salinity of the water being tested (salt has a higher refractivity than water, and therefore saltwater will have a greater refractivity than RO water).
Refractometers, however will not determine to total disolved solids in the water. TDS includes many other factors other than salt content. You could have 500+ on the TDS meter without any noticable deflection on the refractometer.